Resurrecting a MOTU 2408 with ADAT

This is MOTU 2408 MkIII, an audio interface. It's a frustrating thing. It was originally released in 2003, but despite being over twenty years old it's still pretty good. It has eight balanced 1/4" audio inputs, a bunch of ADAT, TDIF, and SPDIF ports, and it records 24-bit audio at 44, 48, 82, and 96khz.

But it's a pain to get working with modern computers. The original MOTU 2408 MkI came out in 1999, slightly before FireWire, at a time when USB was restricted to USB 1.0, so it connected up to contemporary PCs and Macintoshes with a PCI card. What's a PCI card? Ask your parents. They might remember their own parents fiddling around with PCI cards.

The 2408 MkII and MkIII had the same system. To their credit MOTU continued to update the drivers, but as of 2025 the only Apple Macintosh with PCI slots is the Mac Pro, and MOTU's drivers haven't been updated for modern Apple Silicon processors. MOTU's next interface was the 828, but that used Firewire, which is another story entirely.

It would be nice to still use the 2408. And there is hope! Even without a computer connection the 2408 still works as an audio interface. In standalone mode analogue audio that comes in through the 1/4" jacks is routed out to the ADAT, TDIF, and SPDIF ports. SPDIF folds everything down to two-channel stereo, but ADAT and TDIF transmit eight channels of audio at 44 or 48khz, or four channels at 82 and 96khz.

What would be nice is a simple dongle that could pump ADAT to a computer, preferably something cheaper than an entirely new modern audio interface with an ADAT input. There are lots of USB interfaces that output ADAT, but a dearth of interfaces with ADAT inputs.

There is one exception, the MiniDSP MCHStreamer, which is available either as an unclad circuit board or in a little box. I'm not a farmer, so I bought the version that comes in a box. This is what it looks like:

NB I bought it with my own money and have no commercial relationship with MiniDSP. It shipped from Hong Kong and is, as far as I can tell, exempt from UK customs duty, although even if it isn't the price isn't onerous. The boxed version is currently listed at $115, shipping $35, which is about £110. The kit version (which is assembled, it just doesn't have a case) is $10 cheaper. Is it just a Raspberry Pi or something, with special firmware? Could you make one yourself? I have no idea, and possibly, in that order.

The MCHStreamer is essentially a tiny little computer board that converts a bunch of digital audio formats in real time. The boxed version only supports ADAT and SPDIF, although I assume that's only because the internal headers are covered by the case. It's powered by USB, and it's small enough to rest on top of the 2408.

Getting it to work isn't straightforward, although it's still easy. I have a Macintosh. The first step is to download the firmware bundle and plug the MCHStreamer into the computer. At that point you have to upload the correct firmware into the box. In the following screenshot I've picked ADAT:

Step two involves plugging the included optical cable - the package includes two optical cables and a USB cable, which is a nice touch - into the 2408's BANK A optical ADAT output:

Step three involves booting up the 2408 and fiddling with the SELECT and SET buttons. For the SOURCE I picked the audio inputs. Confusingly the LEDs imply that the audio is routed to ADAT BANK C, but no, the audio is output to all three ADAT banks.

For the CLOCK I picked 44khz, internal. Baby steps. I then plugged a radio into input 3, just to see if it worked, and also because I wanted to make sure that it was transmitting on discrete channels and not just 1+2 as a stereo pair.

Then I popped open Audio MIDI Setup and set the MCHStreamer to pick up clock from the 2408's ADAT signal:

Why do you have to do this? If you don't - and I tried it - the signal is crackly. My understanding is that the optical audio protocol isn't like computer networking. It doesn't send packets of data, it just sends a string of bytes, and the receiver has no idea where each byte begins unless it has a clock signal from the source. The result is a kind of audio chaos that sounds awful. Does that sound like a plausible explanation? That's how my mind envisages it. Sometimes my mind plays tricks on me, but deep down there is a brave heart. In my mind.

Synchronising the MCHStreamer to ADAT clock was flaky. At first. I can't tell if it just takes a long time, or if there's a quasi-random factor, but at first it didn't work. After cycling through the 2408's clock options it did eventually hook up, and remained hooked up, although curiously after the first run (pictured above) it only synchronised at 48khz. And yet once it worked, it stayed working. Maybe it's a first-run thing. Perhaps I just didn't have the optical cables plugged in all the way.

After setting all this up I opened Logic, and lo and behold, MCHStreamer ADAT was an input source, with eight channels of audio:

I clicked the input monitoring icon and voila, I could hear a signal coming from the 2408, and I could select each of the eight channels and record audio from them.

As a proof of concept I used it to record the following piece of music, which has a mixture of audio tracks from my modular synthesiser and some virtual instruments:

Sadly one thing missing from this setup is the 2408's original monitoring hardware, which was housed on the PCI card and acted as a mini-mixer.

Still, if you happen to have an ancient MOTU 2408 lying around doing nothing, it can be returned to service as an eight-channel audio interface with a simple ADAT to USB box that powers itself from the USB port. Alternatively, if you want to use the 2408 as a crude mixer you could power the MCHStreamer with a powered USB hub.

In theory you could bypass all of this malarky by plugging the 2408 into the ADAT input of another audio interface. But the cheaper good-quality audio interfaces don't have ADAT ports, and the more expensive interfaces are much more capable than the 2408, so why bother?

If the MCHStreamer was $35 and just a tiny little USB dongle with USB at one end and a pair of optical ports at the other it would be even more superb, although it has to be said that the population of people who have a twenty-year-old MOTU 2408 lurking in a cupboard probably isn't large enough to justify the research and development outlay. If it had a built-in DAC and a 3.5" headphone output it would also be useful for the tiny, tiny population of people who want to use a PlayStation 3 with a computer monitor that doesn't have built-in speakers, but again that's a small constituency. There are dozens of us. Dozens.

Two Vintage Audio Interfaces: MOTU 828 Mk1 + MOTU 2408 Mk3

Let's have a look at a couple of old audio interfaces. From top to bottom the MOTU 828 Mk1 and the MOTU 2408 Mk3. They were both released around the turn of the millennium, give or take a couple of years, and I never thought I'd have to remember how to spell the word millennium in the year 2020 but here we are. It's two-two, like accommodate or embarrass. Two-two. Millennium.

Around the turn of the millennium my accommodation was embarrassing, but an acquaintance helped me acquire a driving licence and, concomitantly, a car. Thus equipped I committed to liaisons and although the 828 and 2408 are ancient they're still useful today. They're multi-channel, multi-format devices with balanced 1/4" audio jacks and a bunch of digital interfaces that I will probably never use.

A bunch of digital interfaces that I will probably never use, just like the box of condoms I bought back in 2008, when it seemed that I might finally get lucky. They've probably perished by now. I would check, but the last time I went downstairs I upset a bottle of pee and it took ages for the smell to die down. If however you are an attractive young lady and you would like to "hook up" please get in touch via the comments.

You might be familiar with the 828. MOTU still sells a version of the interface today. The modern 828x and 828es connect to a computer with Thunderbolt and USB 2.0, but the original 828 from 2001 had FireWire 400 instead. The 828 was apparently the first professional audio interface to use FireWire (the smaller, self-powered Metric Halo 2882 was announced earlier but didn't ship until 2002). Over its life it has consistently sold brand new for around $800, which becomes £800 when translated into GBP because that's the way things are.

The 2408 predated FireWire. It was launched in 1998 and used a PCI card to connect to the host computer. There were three generations, released in 1998, 2000, and 2002; the final, Mk3 version remained on sale until the mid-2000s, by which time FireWire 800 and USB 2 had made PCI audio interfaces obsolescent. During its life the 2408 system sold for around $1,000 with the card or $700 without. The PCI card could run four 2408s simultaneously so MOTU sold standalone 2408s as expansion units.

They're both physically tough 19" rackmount units. Brand-new the two interfaces above would have cost £1,800 for the pair, but I paid around one-tenth that amount because there are lots available on the second-hand market. MOTU's vintage interfaces are particularly interesting because the company still updates the drivers for its vintage gear, and even hosts the manuals, which are full of charming photos of musicians installing PCI cards into their Power Macintosh G4s and running software with OS9.

NB I have no commercial relationship with MOTU; other audio interfaces exist.

To paraphrase Oscar Gamble, no matter how much you think things will be like they are, they don't.

I've written about FireWire before. During the entire lifespan of FireWire, roughly 1999-2012, I didn't use it. Not once. I didn't own an iPod or an Apple Macintosh, and yet eight years after Apple gave up on FireWire I now own four FireWire cables. I am using FireWire right now. As a young man I never dreamed that I would use FireWire, or that I would ever type out a paragraph that had the word FireWire in it seven times, and yet I did and I did, in that order.

How does it feel to use FireWire? It feels good. It feels good to connect my PowerBook G4 to a MOTU 828 with a FireWire cable. It feels good. When I plug the cable in I imagine what it must be like to be an animal, such as a horse or pig. They do not understand the practical purpose of copulation; they do not understand that copulation ensures the continuation of the species. The only thing animals know is that it feels good to penetrate, and be penetrated, and I feel that same sense of fulfilment when I use FireWire. In. Out. Good.

I have always associated USB with cheap cables and cheap MP3 players and cheap broken USB interfaces and cheap USB hubs and cheap USB card readers. USB is cheap and dirty, but not in a sexy way. Cheap grotty broken plastic. In contrast FireWire is the impossible dream, the impossible thrill. It's even satisfying on a technical level. Instead of squirting data down the cable in weak spurts, FireWire transfers information in a solid flow, as if its prostate had been bored out by one of the machines that dug the Channel Tunnel. FireWire has a good flow. It is healthy, engorged, its tissue is pink.

But I'm digressing. What's an audio interface? It's a posh sound card. It connects to your computer and lets you record and play back audio, just like a sound card, but audio interfaces have three things that make them special.

Firstly the audio quality is generally better than a computer's built-in soundcard, in part because the components don't have to share space with a 600 watt power supply and an overclocked GPU. The audio out jack of my 2009 Mac Mini has noticeable electrical noise, because the mini's closely-packed internal components interfere with the sound chip. OSX tries to mask this by muting the sound whenever nothing is playing but it doesn't help much.

The Asus Xonar U3 USB soundcard in the picture at the top of the article sounds much better, but it still has a light background hiss. In contrast the 828 and 2408 are whisper quiet. I can't tell if they're switched on until I play something. Purely as a sound card an audio interface is overkill, but there's no reason why you can't use one just to play music.

Audio interfaces also have industry-standard sockets for guitars and microphones, whereas built-in soundcards typically only have 3.5mm jacks. The 828 in particular has combination XLR / 1/4" plugs that can power a microphone. They're visible in the top-right, here:

They're dual-purpose - they accept a 1/4" jack in the hole in the middle, or an XLR jack in the three prongs that surround the hole. All the analogue connectors on the 828 and 2408 are balanced, which reduces electrical noise, but only if the cables and the source instrument have balanced connectors as well.

The 828 has ADAT in, and the 2408 adds TDIF on top of this. What is ADAT? It's a digital optical interface originally designed in the early 1990s by Alesis for their eight-track ADAT digital recorders, but nowadays it's used as a general optical interface. TDIF is similar but was devised by Tascam. They both transmit eight channels of audio down a single cable. It's very unlikely that you'll use either nowadays. I bought both units purely for their analogue inputs.

The 828 and 2408 were designed in an age of rackmount digital samplers and ADAT digital tape recorders, but that kind of digital outboard gear was killed off by computers running software instruments in the early 2000s. Alesis stopped making ADAT tape recorders in 2003 and TDIF never took off. Analogue inputs remained because they're a universal standard. The analogue synth revival of the last few years has even seen CV/Gate and sync pulses make a comeback, so plain old analogue audio will be around for a long time.

The other thing that makes audio interfaces special is that they tend to have several inputs, not just a stereo pair. The 828 has eight channels of analogue audio plus another eight channels of ADAT plus two RCA sockets for S/PDIF (another digital interface, designed by Sony and Philips). The 2408 supports twenty-four channels of audio drawn from a mixture of analogue, ADAT, and TDIF banks.

Multi-input audio interfaces are a bit like mixers, but instead of combining the inputs into a stereo output they pass the audio input channels into the host computer, where the mixing is done with the sequencer's mixer panel. If you only plan to record a single instrument a multi-channel audio interface is unnecessary, but suppose you want to record a small band, or you buy some more instruments?

The backs of the two machines are not pretty unless you are a male audio cable, in which case this image is pornography.

As mentioned earlier the 828 connects to the host computer with FireWire 400, but the 2408 uses a PCI card. It connects to the card with a proprietary MOTU AudioWire cable, although by coincidence it uses the same physical cables as FireWire. They're supposed to be slightly different but all the standard FireWire 400 cables I have used worked well.

There were four versions of the PCI card - the PCI-324 plugged into a standard 5v 32-bit PCI slot and only had three AudioWire connectors, the PCI-424 was similar but had four AudioWire connectors and a built-in DSP that could directly route inputs to the monitoring outputs, the PCIX-424 was designed to plug into the 64-bit PCI-X slots in the Power Macintosh G5, and the PCIe-424 used modern-day PCIe slots.

I'm not an expert on the finer points of PCI card keying. I can confirm that my PCIX-424 works in the standard PCI slot in my Asus H67M-GE and in the 64-bit PCI-X slots in my Power Macintosh G5. MOTU offered the PCIe-424 as a cut-price upgrade for registered 2408 owners, but that was a long time ago and is probably no longer an option.

Modern computers are slowly moving away from PCI slots entirely, so in the long run the 2408 will become harder to use, but it still works to an extent in standalone mode, which I'll cover shortly.

A PCIX-424 card. It plugs into one of my Power Macintosh G5's PCI-X sockets, but it's also backwards compatible with standard PCI ports; MOTU later upgraded it to PCIe, which was handy because later G5s and Intel-powered Macintosh Pro models used PCIe exclusively.

There was a small family of MOTU PCI equipment, including the MOTU 24I/O, which had 48 balanced 1/4" jacks, 24 inputs and 24 outputs, and the MOTU HD192, which was similar but had 24 XLR jacks instead. The 2408 seems to have been the most popular, or at least it's by far the most common on eBay nowadays.

The three models all had eight analogue inputs and outputs plus three ADAT connectors and three TDIF connectors. They were otherwise slightly different:

- The MOTU 2408 Mk1 (1998) recorded at 44khz or 48khz at 20-bit resolution. The analogue inputs were unbalanced RCA connectors.

- The MOTU 2408 Mk2 (2000) increased the resolution to 24 bits and had balanced 1/4" jacks for analogue audio.

- The MOTU 2408 Mk3 (2002) added sampling at 88khz and 96khz and SMPTE synchronisation, which is useful if you plan to score a major motion picture, less so otherwise. Internet wisdom has it that the Mk2 and Mk3 versions had noticeably better digital-analogue converters than the Mk1.

If you don't have a PCI card they can all be used as standalone D/A converters. I'll show you how you can use a 2408 to add eight extra analogue inputs to an 828 through one of the 828's ADAT inputs. You'll need an ADAT optical cable:

Firstly I plugged a sound source into one of the 2408's analogue inputs. I picked channel 7, just to make sure it was transmitting discrete channels, not just a stereo mixdown. I also made sure to connect the ADAT optical output of bank one into the 828's only optical input:

The 2408 in standalone mode. It pipes the analogue inputs to the digital outputs.

The 828, with one of the 2408's eight-channel optical outputs plugged into its optical input.

I then set up the 2408 to use its own internal audio clock by cycling through the front panel options with the SELECT and SET buttons, and I set the 828 to use the 2408's clock signal by using the MOTU audio driver software on my Mac mini. The 828 then synchronised itself with the 2408's internal clock. The key thing here is to wait a few seconds for the 828 to catch up:

The 2408 is set to 44khz, internal clock, transmitting via ADAT.

The 828 has to be set up with software - later versions of the 828 had a more comprehensive front panel. In this shot it has synced up to the 2408 at 44khz, which is indicated by a steady light. If it doesn't find a sync source the 44.1/48 lights blink.

Why do you have to bother with synchronisation? I'm not an expert, but my understanding is that unlike computer networks the digital audio interfaces used by samplers and audio interfaces don't have any form of error-checking or parity bits or anything like that. They don't transmit discrete packets, they simply grab an incoming data stream and chop it into 16-bit 44khz eight-channel audio, and if the clocks aren't synchronised the samples have the wrong data in them and the end result sounds bad.

At this point I doubled-checked the 2408 to make sure that audio was going into channel 7, which it was, so I fired up Logic. The 828 is designed up so that channels 1-8 are analogue audio, 9-16 are ADAT, and 17-18 are S/PDIF, but Logic doesn't know any of this. It just presents the user with a single big group of eighteen channels from 1-18. In order to select ADAT channel seven I had to pick input 15 (8+7).

Curiously Sound on Sound's review from July 2001 says that the 828's input are set up as 1-8 analogue, 9-10 S/PDIF, and 11-18 ADAT, but that doesn't seem to be the case in practice. Perhaps MOTU changed the firmware later in production.

This is how Logic sees the 828. As mentioned in the text inputs 1-8 are analogue audio, 9-16 are the eight ADAT channels, 17-18 are the stereo S/PDIF channels.

And lo and behold it worked! The standalone 2408 piped audio into the 828 and then into Logic. Just to make sure everything was okay I switched the audio source to analogue input 8 on the 2408, at which point the audio was then routed to input 16 on the 828.

In theory this means that if you have an ADAT interface for your computer you could plug the 2408 directly into it and use it as an eight-channel audio interface, but unfortunately standalone ADAT interfaces are extremely rare. If however you have an audio interface with spare ADAT sockets doing nothing you can use an old 2408 to turn one of the sockets into eight analogue audio inputs.

That's enough about the 2408. What about the 828? To date there have been five models and a couple of variants:

- The 828 Mk1 was launched in 2001. It recorded at 44khz or 48khz at 24-bit resolution, with eight analogue audio inputs (two powered combo XLR / 1/4"), plus eight-channel ADAT and two-channel S/PDIF. It connected to the host computer with FireWire 400.

- The 828 Mk2 was released in 2003. It added 88khz and 96khz sample rates and standalone operation with MOTU's CueMix software as per the contemporary 2408. It also included a pair of MIDI ports so that you could use it as a MIDI interface. In 2005 MOTU released the 828 Mk2 USB 2.0, which was exactly the same but with a USB 2.0 interface instead of the FireWire 400 port.

- The 828 Mk3 was released in 2008. The only significant upgrade over the Mk2 was an increase in the maximum sampling rate to 192khz for analogue signals. In 2011 MOTU released the 828 Mk3 Hybrid, which replaced the FireWire 400 ports with FireWire 800 and added a USB 2.0 port as well.

- The 828x of 2013 replaced the FireWire 800 port with Thunderbolt and greatly expanded the internal mixer.

- The 828es of 2017 is similar but has an upgraded mixer system with complex built-in effects that can be controlled over the internet with an app. Does it leverage blockchain synergies? I'm not sure. I'm writing this in the present tense because it's the current generation of 828.

Over the years the changes have been incremental, but in general the modern 828 is a jack-of-all-trades audio interface that has mutated into a digital mixer. It's essentially aimed at two types of musician; home studio people who want to record several tracks of audio at once with excellent sound quality, and live bands who want to plug their instruments and speakers into a flexible multi-effects box.

If you just want inputs and outputs the Mk1 is sufficient. I've run out of things to say. They've aged far better than the computers for which they were made.

Corona Variations II/III

Life is a relay race. Every generation passes the baton to its children in the hope that they might reach the end, but there is no end; one day the last human being will fall, and many years later the track will be empty, save for a lone baton resting on a thin layer of dust. The only victor in the relay race is the baton.

The only victor is the baton. That is your first codephrase. The only victor is the baton. A few years ago I bought an old Apple Power Mac G5. A 2.0ghz dual-processor model from 2003. An infernal engine that generates answers by blowing air into a furnace of electricity. It has a slightly bent foot, because the case weighs almost twenty kilograms and aluminium doesn't bend back.

Aluminium doesn't bend back. That is your second codephrase. Now that the world has ground to a halt I decided to fire it up and record some music with it:. Two tracks, one live, and one not:

My G5 came with a Mark of the Unicorn PCI-424 interface card, and shortly after buying it I picked up a contemporary MOTU 2408 Mk3 audio interface for a fraction of its original price. Here it is:

The 2408 is essentially a posh sound card with a bunch of audio inputs and outputs. The idea is that you can plug several instruments into the inputs and record them all at once, or alternatively you can send audio to several outputs, for example if you have a bank of speakers in a concert hall and you want them all to play slightly different sounds. The ADAT and TDIF digital tape interfaces aren't much use in 2020, but it has eight balanced mono quarter-inch jack plugs, which are timeless.

It connects to the MOTU PCI-424 card with "audiowire", which is what Mark of the Unicorn called FireWire 400. I use a standard FireWire cable. The digital i/o was probably very useful in 2003, less so now that most outboard digital gear has been virtualised. I have to admit that SMPTE synchronisation is beyond me.

Eight balanced 1/4" inputs and outputs, which can be used as four stereo pairs. The 2408 is full-duplex, e.g. it'll play back and record simultaneously.

Sound on Sound magazine reviewed the 2408 back in 2003, presumably plugged into a Power Mac G4. The 2408 was part of a system that included the MOTU 24I/O, which had 24 analogue inputs and outputs, and the MOTU HD192, which was similar but with XLR jacks. Presumably the HD192 was aimed at concert PAs who needed to mix lots of microphones. Seventeen years later the 24I/O is the most useful of the three units on the used market, but the 2408 seems to have sold in greater numbers, or at least there are more available second-hand. NB there were Mk1 and Mk2 versions of the 2408, which were similar but used RCA jacks instead of quarter-inch plugs. I'm not sure why.

The modern equivalent of the 2408 is the MOTU 828, which connects directly to laptops and desktop machines with a Thunderbolt cable; for historical reasons the 2408 connected to a special PCI card inside the computer, although the actual cables were standard FireWire. The PCI-424 card has four inputs, so you can connect several interfaces to it, and surprisingly it works with Windows 10 because MOTU still supports the card.

What is an audio interface? Imagine a mixer that doesn't mix. The idea is that you use your sequencer or digital audio workstation as a mixer and effects unit, perhaps with a USB control surface to manipulate the sliders. Here's what the second song above looks like in Logic Express 9 running on a Power Mac G5:

Three tracks of instruments and two tracks of drums, separated by some spurious MIDI data. The blippy, swirling sequences that run through the song are tracks 1-3, which were made with a Behringer Model D, sequenced with a 16-step Arturia BeatStep step sequencer. Tracks 4-5 are nonsense that I used mostly to keep the Model D in tune. Track 6 is a software instrument running on the G5; it's the swoopy solo noise. Tracks 7-8 are respectively a Korg Volca Sample and a Korg Volca Beats drum machine.

If you record music one track at a time the multiple inputs of an audio interface are overkill, although they tend to have better sound quality and perhaps even lower latency than the soundcard built into your PC's motherboard. The 2408's balanced inputs have the benefit of eliminating ground hum, which is a problem that VST/AU software musicians don't have to worry about until they start using physical instruments, at which point it becomes infuriating.

If you want to record several instruments at once you could in theory use a mixer; the advantage of a multichannel audio interface is that you end up with multiple channels of audio that you can mix and remix later on, whereas with a mixer you end up with a processed stereo pair that you can't tweak any further.

Clockwise from top, a Behringer Model D, a Volca Beats, and a Volca Sample. Coronavirus aside, we're living in a golden age of reasonably-priced synthesiser technology.

Korg's Volca instruments were launched in 2013. The first wave consisted of the Volca Beats - a hybrid digital / analogue drum machine - plus the Volca Keys and Volca Bass, which produced synth tones and basslines respectively. They sold well, and the range has since expanded to include a sample-playback drum machine (the Volca Sample, pictured above), as well as a mixer, and even a tiny modular synthesiser that uses patch cables to build sounds.

Conceptually they mimic Roland's early-80s TR/SH/TB-X0X range, but with enough embellishments and at such a low price that they feel like a homage rather than a copy. They all have MIDI IN and rudimentary built-in sequencers, plus analogue clock sync, which has led to a fascinating revival of CV/Gate and analogue sequencing. Remember, the only victor is the baton. You will know what to do.

They have some limitations. They're physically creaky, and the two I own have noticeable background hiss. It's not offensive and you can gate it out, but it doesn't sit well with amplification or compression. They use unbalanced 3.5" stereo jack plugs that feel flimsy, and the lack of USB is irritating in the case of the Volca Sample; you have to upload samples with an audio cable, which is akin to loading 8-bit video games from tape. The Volca Sample's sequencer can chain patterns together but the Beats can't, and none of the Volcas have MIDI OUT, so you can't use them to drive other instruments. Unless you modify them, and some people do, but they use teeny-tiny surface mount components that require a deft soldering hand.

They run from six AA batteries or a mains power supply (not supplied). As with the Model D they're really too limited to build a career on - an extremely creative musician might get an album from them, but as with DJ Shadow the basic sound would become monotonous - but as a cheap way of adding analogue or digital colour to an otherwise computer-only setup they're great fun; the step sequencers in particular are a fun way of generating simple ideas. Perhaps best of all they tend to hold their resale value, so if you get bored with one you can sell it on again.

Imagine if there was a way to convert money into objects, and then back into money. You'd revolutionise world trade. Imagine it.